Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy code: A systematic review for resource-limited settings.

It is estimated that 96% of infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) are born in resource-limited settings with no capacity to provide the standard of care that has been established for nearly 15 years in high-resource countries, which includes therapeutic hypothermia (TH), continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to close vital signs and haemodynamic monitoring. This situation does not seem to be changing; however, even with these limitations, currently available knowledge can help improve the care of HIE patients in resource-limited settings. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide, under the term "HIE Code", evidence-based recommendations for feasible care practices to optimise the care of infants with HIE and potentially help reduce the risks associated with comorbidity and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. The content of the HIE code was grouped under 9 headings: (1) prevention of HIE, (2) resuscitation, (3) first 6h post birth, (4) identification and grading of encephalopathy, (5) seizure management, (6) other therapeutic interventions, (7) multiple organ dysfunction, (8) diagnostic tests and (9) family care.

Código encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica: revisión sistematizada para entornos con recursos limitados / Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy code: a systematic review for resource-limited settings

Se estima que el 96% de los recién nacidos (RN) con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica (EHI) nacen en entornos con recursos limitados (ERL) sin capacidad para ofrecer el estándar asistencial vigente desde hace cerca de 15 años en los países con altos recursos y que incluye hipotermia terapéutica, neuromonitorización continua electroencefalográfica y resonancia magnética, además de un control intensivo de las constantes vitales y del equilibrio homeostático. Esta situación no parece estar cambiando; sin embargo y aún con estas limitaciones, el conocimiento actualmente disponible permite mejorar la asistencia de los pacientes con EHI atendidos en ERL. El propósito de esta revisión sistematizada es ofrecer, bajo el término «código EHI», recomendaciones de prácticas asistenciales basadas en evidencia científica y factibles en ERL, que permitan optimizar la atención del RN con EHI y ayuden potencialmente a reducir los riesgos asociados a la comorbilidad y a mejorar los resultados neuroevolutivos. El contenido del código EHI se agrupó en nueve epígrafes: 1) prevención de la EHI, 2) reanimación, 3) primeras seis horas de vida, 4) identificación y graduación de la EHI, 5) manejo de las convulsiones, 6) otras intervenciones terapéuticas, 7) disfunción multiorgánica, 8) estudios complementarios, y 9) atención a la familia. (AU)

It is estimated that 96% of infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) are born in resource-limited settings with no capacity to provide the standard of care that has been established for nearly 15 years in high-resource countries, which includes therapeutic hypothermia, continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging in addition to close vital signs and haemodynamic monitoring. This situation does not seem to be changing; however, even with these limitations, currently available knowledge can help improve the care of HIE patients in resource-limited settings. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide, under the term «HIE Code», evidence-based recommendations for feasible care practices to optimise the care of infants with HIE and potentially help reduce the risks associated with comorbidity and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. The content of the HIE code was grouped under 9 headings: 1) prevention of HIE, 2) resuscitation, 3) first 6hours post birth, 4) identification and grading of encephalopathy, 5) seizure management, 6) other therapeutic interventions, 7) multiple organ dysfunction, 8) diagnostic tests and 9) family care. (AU)

Massive Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Massive infarction in adults is a devastating entity characterized by signs of extreme swelling of the brain's parenchyma. We explored whether a similar entity exists in neonates, which we call massive neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (M-NAIS), and assess its potential clinical implications. METHODS: Prospective multicenter cohort study comprising 48 neonates with gestational age ≥35 weeks with middle cerebral artery (MCA) NAIS was performed. Diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed within the first three days after symptom onset. The presence of signs of a space-occupying mass, such as brain midline shift and/or ventricular and/or extra-axial space collapse, was recorded. The volume of the infarct and brain midline shift were determined with semiautomatic procedures. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 24 months. RESULTS: Fifteen (31%) neonates presented MRI signs of a space-occupying mass effect and were considered to have an M-NAIS. The relative volume (infarct volume/total brain volume) of the infarct was on average significantly greater in the M-NAIS subgroup (29% vs 4.9%, P < 0.001). Patients with M-NAIS consistently presented lesions involving the M1 arterial territory of the MCA and showed more apneic and tonic seizures, which had an earlier onset and lasted longer. Moderate to severe adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes were present in most M-NAIS cases (79% vs 6%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: M-NAIS appears to be a distinctive subtype of neonatal infarction, defined by characteristic neuroimaging signs. Neonates with M-NAIS frequently present a moderate to severe adverse outcome. Early M-NAIS identification would allow for prompt, specific rehabilitation interventions and would provide more accurate prognostic information to families.

Breastfeeding duration is associated with larger cortical gray matter volumes in children from the ABCD study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the numerous studies in favor of breastfeeding for its benefits in cognition and mental health, the long-term effects of breastfeeding on brain structure are still largely unknown. Our main objective was to study the relationship between breastfeeding duration and cerebral gray matter volumes. We also explored the potential mediatory role of brain volumes on behavior. METHODS: We analyzed 7,860 magnetic resonance images of children 9-11 years of age from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset in order to study the relationship between breastfeeding duration and cerebral gray matter volumes. We also obtained several behavioral data (cognition, behavioral problems, prodromal psychotic experiences, prosociality, impulsivity) to explore the potential mediatory role of brain volumes on behavior. RESULTS: In the 7,860 children analyzed (median age = 9 years and 11 months; 49.9% female), whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed an association mainly between breastfeeding duration and larger bilateral volumes of the pars orbitalis and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. In particular, the association with the left pars orbitalis and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex proved to be very robust to the addition of potentially confounding covariates, random selection of siblings, and splitting the sample in two. The volume of the left pars orbitalis and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex appeared to mediate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and the negative urgency dimension of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Global gray matter volumes were also significant mediators for behavioral problems as measured with the Child Behavior Checklist. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is a relevant factor in the proper development of the brain, particularly for the pars orbitalis and lateral orbitofrontal cortex regions. This, in turn, may impact impulsive personality and mental health in early puberty.

Death and severe morbidity in isolated periviable small-for-gestational-age fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to predict perinatal death or severe sequelae in isolated small-for-gestational-age fetuses, diagnosed at a periviable gestational age, based on ultrasound and Doppler parameters at diagnosis. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: A tertiary perinatal centre. POPULATION: A cohort of singleton non-malformed fetuses suspected to be small for gestational age (estimated fetal weight, EFW, <10th centile) diagnosed at 22.0-25.6 weeks of gestation. The following parameters were recorded at diagnosis: severe smallness (<3rd centile); absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in umbilical artery; abnormal middle cerebral artery Doppler; abnormal cerebroplacental ratio; abnormal uterine artery Doppler; and absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the ductus venosus. METHODS: Logistic regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Predictive performance of EFW and Doppler parameters for short-term adverse outcome of perinatal morbimortality and composite serious adverse outcomes (death, neurological impairment or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia). RESULTS: A total of 155 pregnancies were included. There were 13 (8.4%) intrauterine and 11 (7.7%) neonatal deaths. A short-term adverse perinatal outcome occurred in 40 (25.8%) pregnancies. There were 31 (20%) cases of serious adverse outcomes. For the prediction of serious adverse outcomes, the combination of absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery and impaired middle cerebral artery detected by Doppler evaluation achieved a detection rate of 87%, with a false-positive rate of 14% (accuracy 86%). CONCLUSION: In periviable isolated small-for-gestational-age fetuses, a Doppler evaluation of the umbilical and fetal brain circulation can accurately predict short-term adverse perinatal complications and serious adverse outcomes.

Neonatal arterial stroke location is associated with outcome at 2 years: a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study.

OBJECTIVE: In contrast to motor impairments, the association between lesion location and cognitive or language deficits in patients with neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke remains largely unknown. We conducted a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping cross-sectional study aiming to reveal neonatal arterial stroke location correlates of language, motor and cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age. DESIGN: Prospective observational multicentre study. SETTING: Six paediatric university hospitals in Spain. PARTICIPANTS: We included 53 patients who had a neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke with neonatal MRI and who were followed up till 2 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analysed five dichotomous clinical variables: speech therapy (defined as the need for speech therapy as established by therapists), gross motor function impairment, and the language, motor and cognitive Bayley scales. All the analyses were controlled for total lesion volume. RESULTS: We found that three of the clinical variables analysed significantly correlated with neonatal stroke location. Speech therapy was associated with lesions located mainly at the left supramarginal gyrus (p=0.007), gross motor function impairment correlated with lesions at the left external capsule (p=0.044) and cognitive impairment was associated with frontal lesions, particularly located at the left inferior and middle frontal gyri (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of these susceptible brain areas will allow for more precise prediction of neurological impairments on the basis of neonatal brain MRI.

Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panels and "Solo" Clinical Exome Sequencing Applied in Structurally Abnormal Fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic yield of 2 different next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches: gene panel and "solo" clinical exome sequencing (solo-CES), in fetuses with structural anomalies and normal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), in the absence of a known familial mutation. METHODOLOGY: Gene panels encompassing from 2 to 140 genes, were applied mainly in persistent nuchal fold/fetal hydrops and in large hyperechogenic kidneys. Solo-CES, which entails sequencing the fetus alone and only interpreting the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man genes, was performed in multisystem or recurrent structural anomalies. RESULTS: During the study period (2015-2020), 153 NGS studies were performed in 148 structurally abnormal fetuses with a normal CMA. The overall diagnostic yield accounted for 35% (53/153) of samples and 36% (53/148) of the fetuses. Diagnostic yield with the gene panels was 31% (15/49), similar to 37% (38/104) in solo-CES. CONCLUSIONS: A monogenic disease was established as the underlying cause in 35% of selected fetal structural anomalies by gene panels and solo-CES.

Development, Reliability, and Testing of a New Rating Scale for Neonatal Encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test the Neonatal Encephalopathy-Rating Scale (NE-RS), a new rating scale to grade the severity of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) within the first 6 hours after birth. STUDY DESIGN: A 3-phase process was conducted: (1) design of a comprehensive scale that would be specific, sensitive, brief, and unsophisticated; (2) evaluation in a cohort of infants with neonatal encephalopathy and healthy controls; and (3) validation with brain magnetic resonance imaging findings and outcome at 2 years of age. RESULTS: We evaluated the NE-RS in 54 infants with NE and 28 healthy infants. The NE-RS had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficient: 0.93 [95% CI 0.86-0.94]) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient in the NE cohort 0.996 [95% CI 0.993-0.998; P < .001]). Alertness, posture, motor response, and spontaneous activity were the top discriminators for degrees of NE. The cut-off value for mild vs moderate NE was 8 points (area under the curve [AUC] 0.99, 95% CI 0.85-1.00) and for moderate vs severe NE, 30 points (AUC 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-0.99). The NE-RS was significantly correlated with the magnetic resonance imaging score (Spearman Rho 0.77, P < .001) and discriminated infants who had an adverse outcome (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99, sensitivity 0.82, specificity 0.81, positive predictive value 0.87, negative predictive value 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: The NE-RS is reliable and performs well in reflecting the severity of NE within the first 6 hours after birth. This tool could be useful when assessing clinical criteria for therapeutic hypothermia in NE.

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuron-specific enolase predict the severity of brain damage in newborns with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuron-specific enolase (CSF-NSE) during the first 72 hours correlate with other tools used to assess ongoing brain damage, including clinical grading of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), abnormal patterns in amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as with the neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study performed in two hospitals between 2009 and 2011. Forty-three infants diagnosed with HIE within 6 hours of life were included. HIE was severe in 20 infants, moderate in 12, and mild in 11. Infants with moderate-to-severe HIE received whole-body cooling. Both the HIE cohort and a control group of 59 infants with suspected infection underwent measurement of CSF-NSE concentrations at between 12 and 72 hours after birth. aEEG monitoring was started at admission and brain MRI was performed within the first 2 weeks. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months. RESULTS: The HIE group showed higher levels of CSF-NSE than the control group: median 70 ng/ml (29; 205) vs 10.6 ng/ml (7.7; 12.9); p <0.001. Median levels of CSF-NSE in infants with severe, moderate, and mild HIE were 220.5 ng/ml (120.5; 368.8), 45.5 ng/ml (26, 75.3), and 26 ng/ml (18, 33), respectively. CSF-NSE levels correlated were significantly higher in infants with seizures, abnormal aEEG, or abnormal MRI, compared to those without abnormalities. Infants with an adverse outcome showed higher CSF-NSE levels than those with normal findings (p<0.001), and the most accurate CSF-NSE cutoff level for predicting adverse outcome in the whole cohort was 108 ng/ml and 50ng/ml in surviving infants. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of hypothermia, CSF-NSE concentrations provides valuable information as a clinical surrogate of the severity of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, and this information may be predictive of abnormal outcome at two years of age.

Enquiring beneath the surface: can a gene expression assay shed light into the heterogeneity among newborns with neonatal encephalopathy?

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess whether a gene expression assay provided insights for understanding the heterogeneity among newborns affected by neonatal encephalopathy (NE). METHODS: Analysis by RT-qPCR of the mRNA expression of candidate genes in whole blood from controls (n = 34) and NE (n = 24) patients at <6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of life, followed by determination of differences in gene expression between conditions and correlation with clinical variables. RESULTS: During the first 4 days of life, MMP9, PPARG, IL8, HSPA1A and TLR8 were more expressed and CCR5 less expressed in NE patients compared to controls. MMP9 and PPARG increased and CCR5 decreased in moderate/severe NE patients compared to mild. At 6-12 h of life, increased IL8 correlated with severe NE and death, decreased CCR5 correlated with chorioamnionitis and increased HSPA1A correlated with expanded multiorgan dysfunction, severe NE and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: MMP9, PPARG and CCR5 mRNA expression within first days of life correlates with the severity of NE. At 6-12 h, IL8 and HSPA1A are good reporters of clinical variables in NE patients. HSPA1A may have a role in the sexual dimorphism observed in NE. CCR5 is potentially involved in the link between severe NE and chorioamnionitis.

Neuron-specific enolase is correlated with lesion topology, relative infarct volume and outcome of symptomatic NAIS.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neonate infants with symptomatic neonatal arterial ischaemic stroke (NAIS) with the arterial distribution of infarct, infarct volume and outcome. DESIGN: Prospective observational multicentre cohort. SETTING: Three paediatric university hospitals in Spain. SUBJECTS: Thirty-eight neonates with more than 35 weeks' gestational age between 2006 and 2016 were studied. They were diagnosed with NAIS by MRI. They underwent a lumbar puncture to measure CSF-NSE concentrations within 96 hours after the onset of symptoms. Sixty-seven neonates admitted with suspected infections served as controls. We used a classification based on the arterial distribution, and the lesions were segmented with ITK-Snap software to determine their volume. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months using the Bayley-III, Gross Motor Function Classification System and Bimanual Fine Motor Function. RESULTS: CSF-NSE levels were higher in patients with symptomatic NAIS when compared with controls. Neonates with multifocal NAIS and with NAIS located in middle cerebral artery (MCA)-M1 arterial territory showed higher CSF-NSE levels when compared with cases with MCA-M2-M3-M4 territories (p<0.001). A significant correlation was found between CSF-NSE and relative infarction volume (rs=0.597; p<0.001). CSF-NSE values were higher in those infants with symptomatic NAIS with adverse outcome compared with infants with good development (p=0.020). Infants with CSF-NSE values above 55 ng/mL had an OR of adverse outcome of 6.48 (95% CI 1.48 to 28.33). CONCLUSIONS: CSF-NSE is a potential early prognostic biomarker after an NAIS due to the relation between volume, topology and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.

Precise neonatal arterial ischemic stroke classification with a three-dimensional map of the arterial territories of the neonatal brain.

INTRODUCTION: Data regarding neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) topography are still sparse and inaccurate. Despite the importance of locating NAIS to predict the long-term outcome of neonates, a map of arterial territories is not yet available. Our aim was therefore to generate the first three-dimensional map of arterial territories of the neonatal brain (ATNB) and test its usefulness. METHODS: Three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography images were acquired from four neonates without NAIS. Arteries were semi-automatically segmented to build a symmetric arterial template. This allowed us to delineate the volumetric extension of each arterial territory, giving rise to the ATNB map, which is publicly available. Its applicability was tested on a sample of 34 neonates with NAIS. RESULTS: After applying the ATNB map to the neonatal sample, the posterior trunk of the middle cerebral artery, followed by its anterior trunk, were identified as the most affected arterial territories. When comparing the results obtained employing the map with the original diagnoses made during the standard clinical evaluation of NAIS, major diagnostic errors were found in 18% of cases. CONCLUSION: The ATNB map has been proven useful to precisely identify the arterial territories affected by an NAIS, as well as to increase the accuracy of clinical diagnoses.

The Role of Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A, and MTHFR C677T Mutations in Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis.

Little is known about the pathogenesis of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) in the neonate. Although thrombophilia has been described as increasing the risk of CSVT in adults, it remains controversial in pediatric patients, and prospective case-control studies regarding neonatal CSVT are lacking. From 2008 to 2017, all 26 consecutive newborn infants ≥35 weeks of gestation diagnosed with neonatal CSVT, and their mothers, were tested for factor V Leiden (FV) G1691A, FII G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR C677T) mutations. Eighty-five mother-infant pairs were recruited as controls. All infants except 1 with CSVT were suspected due to clinical symptoms, mainly seizures (22/25). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 24/26 infants. Heterozygous FV G1691A, FII G20210A, and homozygous MTHFR C677T mutations were present in 1/26, 3/26, and 3/20 infants with CSVT, respectively. FII (odds ratio: 10.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-110.35) and male sex (3.93; 95% CI: 1.43-10.76) were associated with CSVT. When FII G20210A analysis was adjusted for sex, the OR for FII G20210A was 6.70 (95% CI: 0.65-69.22). No differences were found for FV G1691A or homozygous MTHFR mutations between neonates with CSVT and their mothers, compared to controls.

Usefulness of Cranial Ultrasound for Detecting Neonatal Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.

Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard technique in establishing the diagnosis of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS). The diagnostic value of cranial ultrasound scanning in this clinical context is controversial. We aimed to assess the current sensitivity of the cranial ultrasound scan (CUS) in detecting NAIS, as this issue has not been well described in the literature. Newborns with NAIS diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging between 2010 and 2016 were included. All CUSs were blindly analyzed retrospectively by a neonatologist expert in neuroimaging and compared with the findings of non-expert evaluators recorded on medical charts immediately after performing the evaluation. The overall sensitivity of CUS in detecting an imaging finding suggestive of NAIS was 87% (95% confidence interval (CI): 79%-95%) for an expert evaluator, but declined to 72% (61%-83%) when performed by a non-expert evaluator (p 0.002). Sensitivity was 83% and 61% in the first 24 h and 86% and 66% at 24-48 h for expert and non-expert evaluators, respectively (p < 0.05). CUS has higher sensitivity than previously reported in the detection of a NAIS, for both expert and non-expert evaluators. These findings may be explained by the advanced technology of new ultrasound equipment. Expertise in performing CUS is useful, particularly in the first 48 h after clinical debut.

Incidencia de la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica e implementación de la hipotermia terapéutica por regiones en España / Incidence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and use of therapeutic hypothermia in Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN: La incidencia de la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (EHI) y la implementación de la hipotermia terapéutica (HT) es desconocida en España. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal nacional en recién nacidos vivos (RNV) ≥ 35 semanas de gestación mediante cuestionario on-line en las 90 unidades neonatales de nivel III. Se solicitaron datos de los RNV con EHI moderada-grave en los años 2012 y 2013, y de la implementación de la HT en junio del 2015. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron datos de los 90 hospitales. La incidencia de EHI moderada-grave fue 0,77/1.000 RNV (IC del 95%, 0,72; 0,83). El 86% de los RNV con EHI recibieron HT (activa o pasiva), aumentando los que recibieron HT activa del 78% en 2012 al 85% en 2013 (p = 0,01). El 14% no recibió HT principalmente por retraso en el diagnóstico o en el traslado, o por no indicarse el tratamiento. El 57% de los RN nació en hospitales sin HT, siendo el traslado en hipotermia pasiva; en el 39% por equipos sin formación adecuada. En junio del 2015, 57/90 centros realizaban HT: 54 HT corporal total activa (todos con dispositivos servocontrolados). Existió heterogeneidad en la distribución por comunidades autónomas (CC. AA.) de centros con HT activa y en el número de RN que recibieron HT. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de EHI moderada-grave es homogénea entre CC. AA. Aunque se constata un importante progreso en la implementación de la HT, es preciso mejorar la disponibilidad de HT activa entre CC. AA., así como el diagnóstico precoz y el traslado con garantías desde los centros emisores

INTRODUCTION: There are no data on the incidence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in Spain. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, national study, performed using an on-line questionnaire targeting level III neonatal care units in Spain. Participants were requested to provide data of all newborns ≥ 35 weeks of gestational age diagnosed with moderate-severe HIE over a two year-period (2012-2013), and of the implementation of TH up to June 2015. RESULTS: All (90) contacted hospitals participated. HIE incidence rate was 0.77/1000 live newborns (95% CI 0.72 - 0.83). During 2012-2013, 86% of the newborns diagnosed with moderate-severe HIE received TH (active or passive). Active TH was increasingly used, from 78% in 2012 to 85% in 2013 (P=.01). Of the 14% that did not receive TH, it was mainly due to a delay in the diagnosis or inter-hospital transfer, and to the fact that the treatment was not offered. More than half (57%) were born in hospitals where TH was not provided, and passive hypothermia was used for inter-hospital patient transfer, and in 39% of the cases by inappropriately trained personnel. By June 2015, 57 out of 90 centres had implemented TH, of which 54 performed whole-body TH (using servo-controlled devices). The geographical distribution of centres with active TH, and the number of newborn that received TH, was heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of moderate-severe HIE is homogeneous across Spanish territory. Significant progress is being made in the implementation of TH, however it is necessary to increase the availability of active TH between Autonomous Communities, to improve early diagnosis, and to guarantee high quality patient transfer to referral centres

Sospecha diagnóstica por imagen de déficit de sulfito oxidasa / Diagnostic imaging approach of sulfite oxidase deficiency

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Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke: Risk Related to Family History, Maternal Diseases, and Genetic Thrombophilia.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the heritability of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) in relation to family history of thromboembolic event, maternal diseases, and thrombophilia in both parents ( F5G1691A, F2G20210A, and MTHFRC677 T mutations). Forty-two consecutive infants ≥36 weeks of gestation <28 days of life with acute symptomatic NAIS and their parents, as well as 129 controls, were prospectively recruited. Information on maternal data (age, body mass index, oral contraception, migraine, epilepsy, hypertension, and immune disease) and a 3-generation pedigree regarding myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular event, and deep vein thrombosis were obtained. Thrombophilia and maternal diseases did not differ between cases and controls, except for the use of oral contraceptives (more frequent in mothers of controls). No differences were found regarding each studied antecedent of thromboembolic event in the families. The NAIS group showed a higher presence of positive family history among second-degree maternal relatives than did the control infants (odds ratio 4.10; 95% confidence interval 1.29-12.99). Our study does not support the hypothesis that common genetic thrombophilia or familial predisposition to thromboembolic events is associated with the occurrence of idiopathic NAIS.